Working in the U.S. on a Student Visa: CPT vs. OPT Explained

One of the most exciting aspects of studying in the U.S. is the opportunity to gain real-world work experience. However, working on a student visa is strictly regulated. The two primary avenues for F-1 students are Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT). Understanding their differences is essential to stay in compliance with your visa.

Curricular Practical Training (CPT)

CPT is work experience that is an integral part of your established curriculum. Think of it as a required internship or a co-op program that is necessary for you to graduate.

• When can you do it? While you are still a student, before you have completed your degree program.
• Requirement: The work must be directly related to your major field of study and be a required component of your degree program.
• Authorization: CPT must be authorized by your Designated School Official (DSO) at your university's international student office. It will be noted on your Form I-20.
• Important Note: Using 12 months or more of full-time CPT will make you ineligible for OPT. Part-time CPT does not affect OPT eligibility.

Optional Practical Training (OPT)

OPT is temporary employment that is directly related to your major field of study. Unlike CPT, it is not required by your curriculum, hence the name "Optional."

• When can you do it? Most students use OPT after they complete their degree (post-completion OPT), but it can also be used before completion.
• Duration: You are generally eligible for a total of 12 months of OPT per educational level (e.g., 12 months after a Bachelor's, another 12 after a Master's).
• STEM Extension: If your degree is in a designated Science, Technology, Engineering, or Math (STEM) field, you may be eligible to apply for a 24-month extension of your post-completion OPT.
• Authorization: OPT must be recommended by your DSO, but it requires final approval and an Employment Authorization Document (EAD card) from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). This process can take several months, so you must apply early.